The Sahel is a vast landlocked savannah region in Africa that forms a transition between the Sahara in the north and the more fertile lands in the south.

Saudi Arabia, as one of the leaders of the global energy market, is taking a course on diversifying its energy business model. In 2023, construction began on two major oil refining and petrochemical projects in Saudi Arabia, and a large petrochemical and oil refining facility was also acquired in China.

Energy remains a key factor in geopolitics and the global economy that determines actions of great powers, the state of the global economy and the interaction between states and regions.